抗体 AI
知识书

{"id": "zh-CN::eval-01", "question": "ipTM 更高，能否据此判定亲和力更强？", "expected_answer": "不能。界面置信度与亲和力是不同终点，需要经校准的证据或实际结合测量。", "chapter_ids": ["structures", "measurements"], "origin": "synthetic", "review_status": "needs_expert_review", "split_group": "book-teaching-v0.1", "adapted_from": "eval-01", "language": "zh-CN"}
{"id": "zh-CN::eval-02", "question": "KD > 1 µM 换成 pKD 后应怎样记录？", "expected_answer": "记录为 pKD < 6，保留删失状态与实验条件，不能填成精确值 6。", "chapter_ids": ["measurements", "examples"], "origin": "synthetic", "review_status": "needs_expert_review", "split_group": "book-teaching-v0.1", "adapted_from": "eval-02", "language": "zh-CN"}
{"id": "zh-CN::eval-03", "question": "同一免疫组库中未配对的重链和轻链，能否直接视为天然配对？", "expected_answer": "不能。必须保留配对依据；人为组合应标为设计配对或不确定配对。", "chapter_ids": ["representation"], "origin": "synthetic", "review_status": "needs_expert_review", "split_group": "book-teaching-v0.1", "adapted_from": "eval-03", "language": "zh-CN"}
{"id": "zh-CN::eval-04", "question": "一个变体更像人源序列，但尚未测结合，能否称为更优的治疗抗体？", "expected_answer": "只能说指定指标下的人源性提高；结合保持与其他性能仍未验证。", "chapter_ids": ["humanization"], "origin": "synthetic", "review_status": "needs_expert_review", "split_group": "book-teaching-v0.1", "adapted_from": "eval-04", "language": "zh-CN"}
{"id": "zh-CN::eval-05", "question": "如果想声称模型能用于未见过的抗原家族，应怎样划分测试集？", "expected_answer": "按抗原家族留出，控制序列、结构和表位相似性，同时检查预训练和抗体侧重叠。", "chapter_ids": ["evaluation"], "origin": "synthetic", "review_status": "needs_expert_review", "split_group": "book-teaching-v0.1", "adapted_from": "eval-05", "language": "zh-CN"}
{"id": "zh-CN::eval-06", "question": "候选表达失败，是否应当添加一个结合阴性标签？", "expected_answer": "不应当。表达失败是单独的结果，结合能力尚未确定。", "chapter_ids": ["experimental_learning"], "origin": "synthetic", "review_status": "needs_expert_review", "split_group": "book-teaching-v0.1", "adapted_from": "eval-06", "language": "zh-CN"}
{"id": "zh-CN::eval-07", "question": "在可比条件下，KD 从 20 nM 降到 5 nM，改善了多少？", "expected_answer": "亲和力改善 4 倍，ΔpKD 约为 +0.602；结论限于该测量条件。", "chapter_ids": ["examples"], "origin": "synthetic", "review_status": "needs_expert_review", "split_group": "book-teaching-v0.1", "adapted_from": "eval-07", "language": "zh-CN"}
{"id": "zh-CN::eval-08", "question": "预印本在一个人供者面板中发现较低免疫反应，是否证明临床无免疫原性？", "expected_answer": "不能。须保留预印本状态、实际测试面板范围以及缺少临床结局证据的限制。", "chapter_ids": ["recent_evidence", "humanization"], "origin": "synthetic", "review_status": "needs_expert_review", "split_group": "book-teaching-v0.1", "adapted_from": "eval-08", "language": "zh-CN"}
{"id": "zh-CN::eval-09", "question": "只用知识书的 JSONL 导出，能否训练出经过验证的亲和力预测器？", "expected_answer": "不能。导出是叙述性知识；性质监督还需要分子身份明确、实验标签可靠的数据。", "chapter_ids": ["ai_training"], "origin": "synthetic", "review_status": "needs_expert_review", "split_group": "book-teaching-v0.1", "adapted_from": "eval-09", "language": "zh-CN"}
{"id": "zh-CN::eval-10", "question": "两个候选都超出同一实验检测界限，能否把界限填成数值后排序？", "expected_answer": "不能。两者都是删失观测，现有数据可能无法确定顺序。", "chapter_ids": ["measurements", "examples"], "origin": "synthetic", "review_status": "needs_expert_review", "split_group": "book-teaching-v0.1", "adapted_from": "eval-10", "language": "zh-CN"}
{"id": "zh-CN::eval-11", "question": "二价单特异 IgG 一定是双特异抗体吗？", "expected_answer": "不是。价数统计结合位点，特异性描述预期识别种类，两者必须分开。", "chapter_ids": ["antibody_types"], "origin": "synthetic", "review_status": "needs_expert_review", "split_group": "book-teaching-v0.2", "adapted_from": "eval-11", "language": "zh-CN"}
{"id": "zh-CN::eval-12", "question": "scFv 是单域抗体吗？", "expected_answer": "不是。常规 scFv 在同一条多肽上连接 VH 和 VL，包含两个可变域。", "chapter_ids": ["antibody_architecture", "antibody_types"], "origin": "synthetic", "review_status": "needs_expert_review", "split_group": "book-teaching-v0.2", "adapted_from": "eval-12", "language": "zh-CN"}
{"id": "zh-CN::eval-13", "question": "只有 VH 和 VL 序列，能否确定 Fc 糖型？", "expected_answer": "不能。Fc 序列、糖链占有率与组成需要额外的构建体信息和实际测量。", "chapter_ids": ["antibody_architecture"], "origin": "synthetic", "review_status": "needs_expert_review", "split_group": "book-teaching-v0.2", "adapted_from": "eval-13", "language": "zh-CN"}
{"id": "zh-CN::eval-14", "question": "所有免疫球蛋白的重链都有三个恒定域和 IgG 样铰链吗？", "expected_answer": "不是。常规 IgM 和 IgE 重链有四个恒定域，与含铰链的 IgG、IgA、IgD 架构不同。", "chapter_ids": ["antibody_architecture"], "origin": "synthetic", "review_status": "needs_expert_review", "split_group": "book-teaching-v0.2", "adapted_from": "eval-14", "language": "zh-CN"}
{"id": "zh-CN::eval-15", "question": "能否把多克隆样品的结合曲线分配给每一条组成序列？", "expected_answer": "不能。那是群体层面的观测，没有相应独立测量便不能作为每条序列的标签。", "chapter_ids": ["antibody_types"], "origin": "synthetic", "review_status": "needs_expert_review", "split_group": "book-teaching-v0.2", "adapted_from": "eval-15", "language": "zh-CN"}

{"id":"synthetic-exact","candidate_id":"synthetic-A","antigen_id":"synthetic-target","construct_id":"synthetic-A-Fab","format":"Fab","comparison_group":"synthetic-matched-assay","endpoint":"KD","origin":"synthetic","relation":"=","value":1e-8,"unit":"M","assay":{"method":"illustrative binding assay","temperature_c":25,"pH":7.4,"batch":"synthetic-batch","replicate_type":"not_applicable"},"source_ids":[],"notes":"Teaching example only; not an experimental observation."}
{"id":"synthetic-censored","candidate_id":"synthetic-B","antigen_id":"synthetic-target","construct_id":"synthetic-B-Fab","format":"Fab","comparison_group":"synthetic-matched-assay","endpoint":"KD","origin":"synthetic","relation":">","value":0.000001,"unit":"M","assay":{"method":"illustrative binding assay","temperature_c":25,"pH":7.4,"batch":"synthetic-batch","replicate_type":"not_applicable"},"source_ids":[],"notes":"Teaching example: lower bound on KD; pKD is less than 6."}
{"id":"synthetic-missing","candidate_id":"synthetic-C","antigen_id":"synthetic-target","construct_id":"synthetic-C-Fab","format":"Fab","comparison_group":"synthetic-matched-assay","endpoint":"KD","origin":"synthetic","relation":"missing","value":null,"unit":"M","assay":{"method":"not performed","temperature_c":null,"pH":null,"batch":null,"replicate_type":"not_applicable"},"source_ids":[],"notes":"Teaching example: untested, not a nonbinder."}

{"id": "claim-numbering", "statement": "IMGT defines CDR regions using numbered positions with gaps or insertions.", "source_ids": ["imgt"], "source_locator": "Region definition chart", "evidence_setting": "resource", "scope": "Antibody variable-domain annotation", "limitations": "Numbered positions are not raw sequence offsets.", "claim_type": "source_summary", "review_status": "needs_expert_review", "reviewed_on": "2026-09-16"}
{"id": "claim-oas", "statement": "OAS includes annotated paired and unpaired antibody repertoire sequences.", "source_ids": ["oas"], "source_locator": "Abstract", "evidence_setting": "resource", "scope": "Repertoire-derived sequence resources", "limitations": "Sequence presence alone supplies no antigen-binding label.", "claim_type": "source_summary", "review_status": "needs_expert_review", "reviewed_on": "2026-09-16"}
{"id": "claim-af3", "statement": "AlphaFold 3 predicts joint structures of biomolecular complexes.", "source_ids": ["af3"], "source_locator": "Abstract", "evidence_setting": "computational_benchmark", "scope": "Biomolecular structural prediction", "limitations": "A structural prediction is not a binding-affinity observation.", "claim_type": "source_summary", "review_status": "needs_expert_review", "reviewed_on": "2026-09-16"}
{"id": "claim-antifold", "statement": "AntiFold is an antibody-adapted inverse-folding model.", "source_ids": ["antifold"], "source_locator": "Abstract and availability section", "evidence_setting": "computational_benchmark", "scope": "Structure-conditioned antibody sequence modeling", "limitations": "Structural compatibility and measured binding remain different endpoints.", "claim_type": "source_summary", "review_status": "needs_expert_review", "reviewed_on": "2026-09-16"}
{"id": "claim-hie", "statement": "Language-model-guided mutation proposals yielded affinity improvements in selected experimentally tested antibodies.", "source_ids": ["hie2023"], "source_locator": "Results: Efficient affinity maturation with protein language models", "evidence_setting": "prospective_experiment", "scope": "Parent-relative optimization in the reported systems", "limitations": "Does not imply a general calibration from likelihood to affinity.", "claim_type": "source_summary", "review_status": "needs_expert_review", "reviewed_on": "2026-09-16"}
{"id": "claim-rfantibody", "statement": "The study experimentally and structurally validates selected epitope-directed antibody designs.", "source_ids": ["rfantibody"], "source_locator": "Abstract", "evidence_setting": "prospective_experiment", "scope": "Reported target systems and selected designs", "limitations": "Selected structural confirmations do not establish success for all generated designs.", "claim_type": "source_summary", "review_status": "needs_expert_review", "reviewed_on": "2026-09-16"}
{"id": "claim-germinal", "statement": "Germinal reports functional antibody designs against four protein targets.", "source_ids": ["germinal"], "source_locator": "Public abstract", "evidence_setting": "prospective_experiment", "scope": "Reported targets and binder formats", "limitations": "Main text access was limited; no independent reproduction performed.", "claim_type": "source_summary", "review_status": "needs_expert_review", "reviewed_on": "2026-09-16"}
{"id": "claim-aintibody", "statement": "AIntibody provides a blinded prospective comparison across three antibody discovery tasks.", "source_ids": ["aintibody2026"], "source_locator": "Abstract and Fig. 1", "evidence_setting": "prospective_experiment", "scope": "Challenge-specific submissions", "limitations": "Does not establish a method winner across arbitrary antigens.", "claim_type": "source_summary", "review_status": "needs_expert_review", "reviewed_on": "2026-09-16"}
{"id": "claim-flab2", "statement": "FLAb2 reports property- and dataset-dependent performance across antibody fitness models.", "source_ids": ["flab2"], "source_locator": "Version 1 abstract", "evidence_setting": "mixed", "scope": "Collected experimental fitness datasets", "limitations": "Preprint; collection heterogeneity limits direct cross-assay comparison.", "claim_type": "source_summary", "review_status": "needs_expert_review", "reviewed_on": "2026-09-16"}
{"id": "claim-ginkgo", "statement": "The blinded developability competition reports assay-dependent predictive performance.", "source_ids": ["ginkgo2026"], "source_locator": "Abstract", "evidence_setting": "prospective_experiment", "scope": "Competition platform and held-out antibodies", "limitations": "Correction notice identified but its contents remain unresolved.", "claim_type": "source_summary", "review_status": "needs_expert_review", "reviewed_on": "2026-09-16"}
{"id": "claim-tnp", "statement": "TNP provides a nanobody-specific developability assessment framework.", "source_ids": ["tnp2026"], "source_locator": "Abstract and data availability", "evidence_setting": "mixed", "scope": "Nanobodies and the reported construct context", "limitations": "Transfer to other formats requires validation.", "claim_type": "source_summary", "review_status": "needs_expert_review", "reviewed_on": "2026-09-16"}
{"id": "claim-biophi", "statement": "BioPhi combines humanization proposals and repertoire-based humanness assessment.", "source_ids": ["biophi"], "source_locator": "Abstract", "evidence_setting": "mixed", "scope": "Sequence humanization and humanness", "limitations": "Humanness is not a clinical immune-response outcome.", "claim_type": "source_summary", "review_status": "needs_expert_review", "reviewed_on": "2026-09-16"}
{"id": "claim-sabdab2", "statement": "SAbDab2 provides stable antibody identifiers and curated structural ML resources.", "source_ids": ["sabdab2"], "source_locator": "About: Overview; Data and Downloads", "evidence_setting": "resource", "scope": "Official resource features as reviewed", "limitations": "Resource claims were not independently reproduced.", "claim_type": "source_summary", "review_status": "needs_expert_review", "reviewed_on": "2026-09-16"}
{"id": "claim-domain-architecture", "statement": "Antibody heavy-chain classes differ in constant-domain and hinge architecture.", "source_ids": ["imgt_domains"], "source_locator": "V-DOMAIN and C-DOMAIN section", "evidence_setting": "resource", "scope": "Conventional human immunoglobulin architecture", "limitations": "Engineered constructs and nonhuman classes require explicit annotation.", "claim_type": "source_summary", "review_status": "needs_expert_review", "reviewed_on": "2026-09-17"}
{"id": "claim-cdr-conformations", "statement": "Antibody CDR structural analysis identifies recurring loop conformations and distinct H3 challenges.", "source_ids": ["north2011"], "source_locator": "Abstract and discussion", "evidence_setting": "computational_benchmark", "scope": "The curated structural dataset in the study", "limitations": "A historical clustering does not fix the conformation of every new sequence.", "claim_type": "source_summary", "review_status": "needs_expert_review", "reviewed_on": "2026-09-17"}
{"id": "claim-hcabs", "statement": "Camelid heavy-chain-only antibodies lack light chains and CH1.", "source_ids": ["hamers1993"], "source_locator": "Abstract", "evidence_setting": "retrospective_experiment", "scope": "Reported camelid antibody architecture", "limitations": "An isolated conventional VH is not thereby a camelid VHH.", "claim_type": "source_summary", "review_status": "needs_expert_review", "reviewed_on": "2026-09-17"}
{"id": "claim-secretory-iga", "statement": "Murine dimeric and secretory IgA structures resolve assembly with J chain and secretory component.", "source_ids": ["iga2020"], "source_locator": "Abstract and structural results", "evidence_setting": "retrospective_experiment", "scope": "Reported murine constructs", "limitations": "Do not infer identical structures for every human subclass or oligomer.", "claim_type": "source_summary", "review_status": "needs_expert_review", "reviewed_on": "2026-09-17"}
{"id": "claim-igm-assembly", "statement": "The human IgM Fc-J-chain complex forms an asymmetric pentamer in the reported structure.", "source_ids": ["igm2020"], "source_locator": "Abstract", "evidence_setting": "retrospective_experiment", "scope": "Fc-J-chain-pIgR ectodomain complex", "limitations": "The reported complex is not a full antigen-bound IgM assembly.", "claim_type": "source_summary", "review_status": "needs_expert_review", "reviewed_on": "2026-09-17"}
{"id": "claim-igg-receptors", "statement": "Human IgG subclasses differ in binding to Fc gamma receptors and receptor variants.", "source_ids": ["bruhns2009"], "source_locator": "Abstract", "evidence_setting": "retrospective_experiment", "scope": "Measured human subclass-receptor combinations", "limitations": "Receptor affinity alone does not establish cellular function.", "claim_type": "source_summary", "review_status": "needs_expert_review", "reviewed_on": "2026-09-17"}
{"id": "claim-igg4-exchange", "statement": "IgG4 can exchange heavy-light half-molecules to produce bispecific molecules.", "source_ids": ["igg4exchange2007"], "source_locator": "Abstract", "evidence_setting": "retrospective_experiment", "scope": "The reported IgG4 systems", "limitations": "Exchange behavior of engineered constructs requires its own evidence.", "claim_type": "source_summary", "review_status": "needs_expert_review", "reviewed_on": "2026-09-17"}

[
  {
    "id": "imgt",
    "title": "IMGT definitions of framework and CDR regions",
    "url": "https://www.imgt.org/IMGTScientificChart/Nomenclature/IMGT-FRCDRdefinition.html",
    "publication_date": null,
    "publication_status": "official_documentation",
    "access_level": "official_documentation",
    "verified_on": "2026-09-16",
    "notes": "Numbering reference; preserve insertion positions.",
    "reuse_status": "not_assessed"
  },
  {
    "id": "airr",
    "title": "AIRR Data Standards 2.0",
    "url": "https://docs.airr-community.org/en/v2.0.0/datarep/rearrangements.html",
    "publication_date": null,
    "publication_status": "official_documentation",
    "access_level": "official_documentation",
    "verified_on": "2026-09-16",
    "notes": "Versioned schema; local observations are not AIRR exports.",
    "reuse_status": "not_assessed"
  },
  {
    "id": "oas",
    "title": "Observed Antibody Space: A diverse database of cleaned, annotated, and translated unpaired and paired antibody sequences",
    "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34655133/",
    "publication_date": "2021-10-29",
    "publication_status": "peer_reviewed",
    "access_level": "abstract",
    "verified_on": "2026-09-16",
    "notes": "2022 issue; publication describes an earlier database snapshot.",
    "reuse_status": "not_assessed"
  },
  {
    "id": "sabdab2",
    "title": "SAbDab2: The structural antibody database in the age of machine learning",
    "url": "https://sabdab.opig.stats.ox.ac.uk/about",
    "publication_date": null,
    "publication_status": "official_documentation",
    "access_level": "official_documentation",
    "verified_on": "2026-09-16",
    "notes": "Associated 2026 preprint: https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.06.16.732554; resource reviewed, preprint not fully inspected.",
    "reuse_status": "not_assessed"
  },
  {
    "id": "therasabdab",
    "title": "Thera-SAbDab: the Therapeutic Structural Antibody Database",
    "url": "https://opig.stats.ox.ac.uk/webapps/sabdab-sabpred/therasabdab/about",
    "publication_date": null,
    "publication_status": "official_documentation",
    "access_level": "official_documentation",
    "verified_on": "2026-09-16",
    "notes": "Resource metadata may have different update dates for sequence and clinical status.",
    "reuse_status": "not_assessed"
  },
  {
    "id": "jain2017",
    "title": "Biophysical properties of the clinical-stage antibody landscape",
    "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5293111/",
    "publication_date": "2017",
    "publication_status": "peer_reviewed",
    "access_level": "full_text_sections",
    "verified_on": "2026-09-16",
    "notes": "Selected article sections inspected; reference cohort is historically selected.",
    "reuse_status": "not_assessed"
  },
  {
    "id": "tap2019",
    "title": "Five computational developability guidelines for therapeutic antibody profiling",
    "url": "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1810576116",
    "publication_date": "2019-02-14",
    "publication_status": "peer_reviewed",
    "access_level": "full_text_sections",
    "verified_on": "2026-09-16",
    "notes": "Reference-distribution guidelines, not universal success criteria.",
    "reuse_status": "not_assessed"
  },
  {
    "id": "tnp2026",
    "title": "Characterising nanobody developability to improve therapeutic design using the Therapeutic Nanobody Profiler",
    "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s42003-026-09594-y",
    "publication_date": "2026-01-31",
    "publication_status": "peer_reviewed",
    "access_level": "abstract_and_article_metadata",
    "verified_on": "2026-09-16",
    "notes": "Version of record dated 2026-03-05; construct context matters.",
    "reuse_status": "not_assessed"
  },
  {
    "id": "biophi",
    "title": "BioPhi: A platform for antibody design, humanization, and humanness evaluation based on natural antibody repertoires and deep learning",
    "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35133949/",
    "publication_date": "2022-02-08",
    "publication_status": "peer_reviewed",
    "access_level": "abstract",
    "verified_on": "2026-09-16",
    "notes": "Humanness metrics should not be treated as clinical outcome probabilities.",
    "reuse_status": "not_assessed"
  },
  {
    "id": "af3",
    "title": "Accurate structure prediction of biomolecular interactions with AlphaFold 3",
    "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07487-w",
    "publication_date": "2024-05-08",
    "publication_status": "peer_reviewed",
    "access_level": "abstract_and_article_metadata",
    "verified_on": "2026-09-16",
    "notes": "Structure prediction; paper page lists a November 2024 addendum. Software/weights terms require separate inspection.",
    "reuse_status": "not_assessed"
  },
  {
    "id": "antifold",
    "title": "AntiFold: improved structure-based antibody design using inverse folding",
    "url": "https://academic.oup.com/bioinformaticsadvances/article/5/1/vbae202/8090019",
    "publication_date": "2025",
    "publication_status": "peer_reviewed",
    "access_level": "abstract_and_article_sections",
    "verified_on": "2026-09-16",
    "notes": "DOI 10.1093/bioadv/vbae202. Full supplementary benchmark reproduction not performed.",
    "reuse_status": "not_assessed"
  },
  {
    "id": "hie2023",
    "title": "Efficient evolution of human antibodies from general protein language models",
    "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10869273/",
    "publication_date": "2023-04-24",
    "publication_status": "peer_reviewed",
    "access_level": "full_text_sections",
    "verified_on": "2026-09-16",
    "notes": "2024 issue; inspected methods distinguish apparent IgG binding and Fab affinity.",
    "reuse_status": "not_assessed"
  },
  {
    "id": "rfantibody",
    "title": "Atomically accurate de novo design of antibodies with RFdiffusion",
    "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09721-5",
    "publication_date": "2025-11-05",
    "publication_status": "peer_reviewed",
    "access_level": "abstract_and_article_sections",
    "verified_on": "2026-09-16",
    "notes": "2026 issue; selected successful structures do not establish all-target success.",
    "reuse_status": "not_assessed"
  },
  {
    "id": "rfantibody_code",
    "title": "RFantibody official repository",
    "url": "https://github.com/RosettaCommons/RFantibody",
    "publication_date": null,
    "publication_status": "official_documentation",
    "access_level": "official_documentation",
    "verified_on": "2026-09-16",
    "notes": "README inspected, code not installed or executed; pin commit and weights before use.",
    "reuse_status": "not_assessed"
  },
  {
    "id": "iggm2025",
    "title": "IgGM: A Generative Model for Functional Antibody and Nanobody Design",
    "url": "https://openreview.net/pdf?id=zmmfsJpYcq",
    "publication_date": "2025",
    "publication_status": "conference_paper",
    "access_level": "abstract_and_indexed_sections",
    "verified_on": "2026-09-16",
    "notes": "ICLR 2025. Detailed methods and supplementary results require further review.",
    "reuse_status": "not_assessed"
  },
  {
    "id": "germinal",
    "title": "Efficient generation of epitope-targeted antibodies with Germinal",
    "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41587-026-03187-0",
    "publication_date": "2026-06-23",
    "publication_status": "peer_reviewed",
    "access_level": "abstract_and_article_metadata",
    "verified_on": "2026-09-16",
    "notes": "Subscription-limited main text. Public abstract, data/code pointers and July authorship/contact corrections inspected.",
    "reuse_status": "not_assessed"
  },
  {
    "id": "aintibody2026",
    "title": "A blinded, prospective benchmark of in silico antibody discovery anchored to experimental affinity and developability",
    "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41587-026-03238-6",
    "publication_date": "2026-08-19",
    "publication_status": "peer_reviewed",
    "access_level": "abstract_and_article_sections",
    "verified_on": "2026-09-16",
    "notes": "Challenge-specific prospective evaluation; supplementary files not locally reanalyzed.",
    "reuse_status": "not_assessed"
  },
  {
    "id": "flab2",
    "title": "Fitness Landscape for Antibodies 2: Benchmarking Reveals That Protein AI Models Cannot Yet Consistently Predict Developability Properties",
    "url": "https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2025.12.27.696706v1",
    "publication_date": "2025-12-27",
    "publication_status": "preprint",
    "access_level": "abstract",
    "verified_on": "2026-09-16",
    "notes": "Version 1 only; no later publication status established by this review. Data/code pointer: https://github.com/Graylab/FLAb.",
    "reuse_status": "not_assessed"
  },
  {
    "id": "ginkgo2026",
    "title": "Ginkgo Datapoints Antibody Developability Competition outcomes: limited model performance and a call for data standardization",
    "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12928636/",
    "publication_date": "2026-02-22",
    "publication_status": "peer_reviewed",
    "access_level": "abstract_and_article_sections",
    "verified_on": "2026-09-16",
    "notes": "Associated correction source ginkgo_correction remains unresolved; avoid detailed leaderboard claims pending review.",
    "reuse_status": "not_assessed"
  },
  {
    "id": "ginkgo_correction",
    "title": "Correction notice associated with the Ginkgo AbDev competition article",
    "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19420862.2026.2644040",
    "publication_date": "2026",
    "publication_status": "correction_notice",
    "access_level": "metadata_only",
    "verified_on": "2026-09-16",
    "notes": "Notice identified in search; attempted full-text access failed. Scope of correction unknown.",
    "reuse_status": "not_assessed"
  },
  {
    "id": "tfolddesign",
    "title": "De novo design of epitope-specific antibodies via a structure-driven computational workflow",
    "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-025-67361-9",
    "publication_date": "2025-12-10",
    "publication_status": "peer_reviewed",
    "access_level": "abstract_and_indexed_sections",
    "verified_on": "2026-09-16",
    "notes": "Additional selected study, not reproduced or compared head-to-head.",
    "reuse_status": "not_assessed"
  },
  {
    "id": "latentx2",
    "title": "Drug-like antibodies with low immunogenicity in human panels designed with Latent-X2",
    "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2512.20263",
    "publication_date": "2025-12-23",
    "publication_status": "preprint",
    "access_level": "abstract",
    "verified_on": "2026-09-16",
    "notes": "Author-reported selected donor-panel results; clinical outcomes and independent replication not established.",
    "reuse_status": "not_assessed"
  },
  {
    "id": "imgt_domains",
    "title": "IMGT domain definitions",
    "url": "https://www.imgt.org/IMGTindex/Domain.php",
    "publication_date": null,
    "publication_status": "official_documentation",
    "access_level": "official_documentation",
    "verified_on": "2026-09-17",
    "notes": "Domain nomenclature and class-dependent constant-domain architecture.",
    "reuse_status": "not_assessed"
  },
  {
    "id": "imgt_fold",
    "title": "IMGT structural organization of immunoglobulins",
    "url": "https://www.imgt.org/IMGTeducation/Tutorials/3Dstructure/_UK/StructuralOrganization.html",
    "publication_date": null,
    "publication_status": "official_documentation",
    "access_level": "official_documentation",
    "verified_on": "2026-09-17",
    "notes": "Foundational structural definitions; original diagram in this repository is schematic.",
    "reuse_status": "not_assessed"
  },
  {
    "id": "imgt_fragments",
    "title": "IMGT immunoglobulins overview and fragment definitions",
    "url": "https://www.imgt.org/IMGTrepertoire/2D-3Dstruct/3Dstructures/IG/human/HuIgOvertable.html",
    "publication_date": null,
    "publication_status": "official_documentation",
    "access_level": "official_documentation",
    "verified_on": "2026-09-17",
    "notes": "Fragment/domain definitions; not a performance comparison of formats.",
    "reuse_status": "not_assessed"
  },
  {
    "id": "imgt_classes",
    "title": "IMGT antibody and immunoglobulin overview",
    "url": "https://www.imgt.org/IMGTindex/antibodies.php",
    "publication_date": null,
    "publication_status": "official_documentation",
    "access_level": "official_documentation",
    "verified_on": "2026-09-17",
    "notes": "Used for class and common assembly definitions, not its historical INN naming guidance.",
    "reuse_status": "not_assessed"
  },
  {
    "id": "imgt_isotypes",
    "title": "IMGT human and mouse immunoglobulin classes and subclasses",
    "url": "https://www.imgt.org/IMGTeducation/Tutorials/index.php?article=IGandBcells&chapter=Properties&lang=UK&nbr=Tableau2",
    "publication_date": null,
    "publication_status": "official_documentation",
    "access_level": "official_documentation",
    "verified_on": "2026-09-17",
    "notes": "Class/subclass and disulfide comparison; contains uncertainty annotations on some entries.",
    "reuse_status": "not_assessed"
  },
  {
    "id": "north2011",
    "title": "A new clustering of antibody CDR loop conformations",
    "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3065967/",
    "publication_date": "2010-10-28",
    "publication_status": "peer_reviewed",
    "access_level": "abstract_and_article_sections",
    "verified_on": "2026-09-17",
    "notes": "2011 issue. Historical clustering study, not a complete current inventory of loop conformations.",
    "reuse_status": "not_assessed"
  },
  {
    "id": "fcglycan2016",
    "title": "Multi-level glyco-engineering techniques to generate IgG with defined Fc-glycans",
    "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5131652/",
    "publication_date": "2016",
    "publication_status": "peer_reviewed",
    "access_level": "abstract_and_indexed_sections",
    "verified_on": "2026-09-17",
    "notes": "Abstract also inspected at PubMed 27872474; direct PMC access challenged. No glycoengineering experiments performed here.",
    "reuse_status": "not_assessed"
  },
  {
    "id": "fcrn2014",
    "title": "Structural Insights into Neonatal Fc Receptor-based Recycling Mechanisms",
    "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3953293/",
    "publication_date": "2014",
    "publication_status": "peer_reviewed",
    "access_level": "abstract_and_indexed_sections",
    "verified_on": "2026-09-17",
    "notes": "Structural work includes an engineered human Fc, not a generic prediction of serum half-life.",
    "reuse_status": "not_assessed"
  },
  {
    "id": "hamers1993",
    "title": "Naturally occurring antibodies devoid of light chains",
    "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/363446a0",
    "publication_date": "1993-06-03",
    "publication_status": "peer_reviewed",
    "access_level": "abstract_and_article_metadata",
    "verified_on": "2026-09-17",
    "notes": "Original camelid heavy-chain-only antibody discovery; does not imply every isolated VH is a VHH.",
    "reuse_status": "not_assessed"
  },
  {
    "id": "iga2020",
    "title": "The structures of secretory and dimeric immunoglobulin A",
    "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7707832/",
    "publication_date": "2020",
    "publication_status": "peer_reviewed",
    "access_level": "abstract_and_indexed_sections",
    "verified_on": "2026-09-17",
    "notes": "Primary cryo-EM study of murine SIgA/dIgA; species and construct scope retained.",
    "reuse_status": "not_assessed"
  },
  {
    "id": "igm2020",
    "title": "Structural insights into immunoglobulin M",
    "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32029689/",
    "publication_date": "2020",
    "publication_status": "peer_reviewed",
    "access_level": "abstract",
    "verified_on": "2026-09-17",
    "notes": "Human IgM Fc with J chain and pIgR ectodomain; not a complete antigen-bound IgM structure.",
    "reuse_status": "not_assessed"
  },
  {
    "id": "bruhns2009",
    "title": "Specificity and affinity of human Fcgamma receptors and their polymorphic variants for human IgG subclasses",
    "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19018092/",
    "publication_date": "2008-11-18",
    "publication_status": "peer_reviewed",
    "access_level": "abstract",
    "verified_on": "2026-09-17",
    "notes": "2009 issue. Receptor binding differences do not directly rank every cellular effector outcome.",
    "reuse_status": "not_assessed"
  },
  {
    "id": "igg4exchange2007",
    "title": "Anti-inflammatory activity of human IgG4 antibodies by dynamic Fab arm exchange",
    "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17872445/",
    "publication_date": "2007-09-14",
    "publication_status": "peer_reviewed",
    "access_level": "abstract",
    "verified_on": "2026-09-17",
    "notes": "Fab-arm exchange evidence; engineered IgG4 molecules require construct-specific assessment.",
    "reuse_status": "not_assessed"
  },
  {
    "id": "kohler1975",
    "title": "Continuous cultures of fused cells secreting antibody of predefined specificity",
    "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/256495a0",
    "publication_date": "1975-08-01",
    "publication_status": "peer_reviewed",
    "access_level": "abstract_and_article_metadata",
    "verified_on": "2026-09-17",
    "notes": "Foundational hybridoma study; production method and clonality are distinct classification axes.",
    "reuse_status": "not_assessed"
  },
  {
    "id": "kih1996",
    "title": "Knobs-into-holes engineering of antibody CH3 domains for heavy chain heterodimerization",
    "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8844834/",
    "publication_date": "1996",
    "publication_status": "peer_reviewed",
    "access_level": "abstract",
    "verified_on": "2026-09-17",
    "notes": "Heavy-chain assembly approach; not a complete solution for every multispecific pairing problem.",
    "reuse_status": "not_assessed"
  }
]

{
  "schema_version": "0.1",
  "reviewed_on": "2026-09-16",
  "tasks": [
    "ranking",
    "optimization",
    "de_novo"
  ],
  "categories": [
    {
      "id": "orientation",
      "title": "抗体 AI 知识体系：从分子认识到设计决策",
      "chapter_id": "index",
      "path": "book/zh-CN/00-index.md"
    },
    {
      "id": "molecular_foundations",
      "title": "抗体基础：识别、功能与分子形式",
      "chapter_id": "foundations",
      "path": "book/zh-CN/01-foundations.md"
    },
    {
      "id": "sequence_representation",
      "title": "序列、链配对与编号：把分子身份记录准确",
      "chapter_id": "representation",
      "path": "book/zh-CN/02-representation.md"
    },
    {
      "id": "target_context",
      "title": "抗原与表位：先把设计对象定义清楚",
      "chapter_id": "antigens",
      "path": "book/zh-CN/03-antigens.md"
    },
    {
      "id": "measurement_science",
      "title": "读懂实验结果：亲和力、动力学与功能标签",
      "chapter_id": "measurements",
      "path": "book/zh-CN/04-measurements.md"
    },
    {
      "id": "developability",
      "title": "可开发性：把风险拆成可测量的属性",
      "chapter_id": "developability",
      "path": "book/zh-CN/05-developability.md"
    },
    {
      "id": "humanization",
      "title": "人源化：序列更像人，不等于免疫原性更低",
      "chapter_id": "humanization",
      "path": "book/zh-CN/06-humanization.md"
    },
    {
      "id": "structural_modeling",
      "title": "结构建模：看清分子，也看清不确定性",
      "chapter_id": "structures",
      "path": "book/zh-CN/07-structures.md"
    },
    {
      "id": "model_families",
      "title": "模型怎么选：按任务、输入和证据分工",
      "chapter_id": "models",
      "path": "book/zh-CN/08-models.md"
    },
    {
      "id": "candidate_selection",
      "title": "候选抗体排序：先定义好，再决定先测谁",
      "chapter_id": "ranking",
      "path": "book/zh-CN/09-ranking.md"
    },
    {
      "id": "lead_engineering",
      "title": "抗体优化：围绕亲本改进，同时守住约束",
      "chapter_id": "optimization",
      "path": "book/zh-CN/10-optimization.md"
    },
    {
      "id": "conditional_generation",
      "title": "针对抗原从头设计：把生成结果当作可检验的假设",
      "chapter_id": "de_novo",
      "path": "book/zh-CN/11-de-novo.md"
    },
    {
      "id": "evaluation",
      "title": "模型评估：让测试集真正代表未来任务",
      "chapter_id": "evaluation",
      "path": "book/zh-CN/12-evaluation.md"
    },
    {
      "id": "experimental_learning",
      "title": "实验反馈：让每一轮结果都能改善下一轮决策",
      "chapter_id": "experimental_learning",
      "path": "book/zh-CN/13-experimental-learning.md"
    },
    {
      "id": "ai_training",
      "title": "如何用这本书训练 AI：知识语料与分子监督分开建设",
      "chapter_id": "ai_training",
      "path": "book/zh-CN/14-ai-training.md"
    },
    {
      "id": "data_resources",
      "title": "数据资源：按真实提供的标签选择",
      "chapter_id": "datasets",
      "path": "book/zh-CN/15-datasets.md"
    },
    {
      "id": "research_updates",
      "title": "近期研究进展：截至 2026 年 9 月的证据与影响",
      "chapter_id": "recent_evidence",
      "path": "book/zh-CN/16-recent-evidence.md"
    },
    {
      "id": "curation",
      "title": "证据维护：让知识可更新、可追溯、可纠错",
      "chapter_id": "maintenance",
      "path": "book/zh-CN/17-maintenance.md"
    },
    {
      "id": "worked_cases",
      "title": "推理算例与常用术语",
      "chapter_id": "examples",
      "path": "book/zh-CN/18-examples.md"
    },
    {
      "id": "molecular_architecture",
      "title": "抗体结构：从结构域到完整分子",
      "chapter_id": "antibody_architecture",
      "path": "book/zh-CN/19-antibody-architecture.md"
    },
    {
      "id": "antibody_classification",
      "title": "抗体类型：类别、形式、特异性与价数分开描述",
      "chapter_id": "antibody_types",
      "path": "book/zh-CN/20-antibody-types.md"
    }
  ],
  "facets": {
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      "full_length_immunoglobulin",
      "IgG",
      "Fab",
      "F(ab')2",
      "Fv",
      "scFv",
      "VHH",
      "other_single_domain",
      "Fc_fusion",
      "multispecific",
      "conjugate"
    ],
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      "sequence",
      "structure",
      "assay",
      "literature"
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      "binding",
      "kinetics",
      "function",
      "specificity",
      "expression",
      "stability",
      "aggregation",
      "self_association",
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      "pharmacokinetics"
    ],
    "evidence_setting": [
      "prospective_experiment",
      "retrospective_experiment",
      "computational_benchmark",
      "resource",
      "mixed"
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    "heavy_chain_class": [
      "IgG",
      "IgA",
      "IgM",
      "IgD",
      "IgE",
      "not_applicable",
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      "IgG1",
      "IgG2",
      "IgG3",
      "IgG4",
      "IgA1",
      "IgA2",
      "not_applicable",
      "unknown"
    ],
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      "kappa",
      "lambda",
      "absent",
      "mixed_engineered",
      "unknown"
    ],
    "clonality": [
      "monoclonal",
      "polyclonal",
      "defined_cocktail",
      "unknown"
    ],
    "specificity": [
      "monospecific",
      "bispecific",
      "multispecific",
      "unknown"
    ],
    "valency": [
      "monovalent",
      "bivalent",
      "multivalent",
      "unknown"
    ],
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      "chimeric",
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      "human_derived",
      "designed",
      "mixed",
      "unknown"
    ]
  },
  "edition": "0.2",
  "updated_on": "2026-09-17",
  "language": "zh-CN",
  "adapted_on": "2026-09-17"
}

{
  "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
  "title": "Antibody KB evidence claim",
  "type": "object",
  "additionalProperties": false,
  "required": [
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    "statement",
    "source_ids",
    "source_locator",
    "evidence_setting",
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    "limitations",
    "claim_type",
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    "reviewed_on"
  ],
  "properties": {
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      "pattern": "^claim-[a-z0-9-]+$"
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    "statement": {
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    "source_ids": {
      "type": "array",
      "minItems": 1,
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      "items": {
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    "source_locator": {
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    "evidence_setting": {
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    "scope": {
      "type": "string",
      "minLength": 1
    },
    "limitations": {
      "type": "string",
      "minLength": 1
    },
    "claim_type": {
      "const": "source_summary"
    },
    "review_status": {
      "enum": [
        "needs_expert_review",
        "expert_reviewed"
      ]
    },
    "reviewed_on": {
      "type": "string",
      "format": "date"
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}

{
  "$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
  "title": "Minimal assay observation interchange record",
  "description": "Local schema, not an AIRR schema. One observation per record. Keep raw assay files separately.",
  "type": "object",
  "additionalProperties": false,
  "required": [
    "id",
    "candidate_id",
    "antigen_id",
    "construct_id",
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    "value",
    "unit",
    "assay",
    "source_ids",
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  ],
  "properties": {
    "id": {
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    },
    "candidate_id": {
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      "type": "string",
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    },
    "construct_id": {
      "type": "string",
      "minLength": 1
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      "type": "string",
      "minLength": 1
    },
    "comparison_group": {
      "type": "string",
      "minLength": 1
    },
    "endpoint": {
      "type": "string",
      "minLength": 1
    },
    "unit": {
      "type": "string",
      "minLength": 1
    },
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      "type": "string",
      "minLength": 1
    },
    "origin": {
      "enum": [
        "measured",
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        "synthetic"
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    "relation": {
      "enum": [
        "=",
        "<",
        "<=",
        ">",
        ">=",
        "missing"
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    },
    "value": {
      "type": [
        "number",
        "null"
      ]
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    "assay": {
      "type": "object",
      "additionalProperties": false,
      "required": [
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        "temperature_c",
        "pH",
        "batch",
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          "minLength": 1
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        "temperature_c": {
          "type": [
            "number",
            "null"
          ]
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        "pH": {
          "type": [
            "number",
            "null"
          ],
          "minimum": 0,
          "maximum": 14
        },
        "batch": {
          "type": [
            "string",
            "null"
          ]
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        "replicate_type": {
          "enum": [
            "biological",
            "technical",
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            "not_applicable"
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      "type": "array",
      "uniqueItems": true,
      "items": {
        "type": "string"
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      "if": {
        "properties": {
          "relation": {
            "const": "missing"
          }
        }
      },
      "then": {
        "properties": {
          "value": {
            "type": "null"
          }
        }
      },
      "else": {
        "properties": {
          "value": {
            "type": "number"
          }
        }
      }
    },
    {
      "if": {
        "properties": {
          "endpoint": {
            "const": "KD"
          }
        },
        "not": {
          "properties": {
            "relation": {
              "const": "missing"
            }
          }
        }
      },
      "then": {
        "properties": {
          "unit": {
            "const": "M"
          },
          "value": {
            "type": "number",
            "exclusiveMinimum": 0
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      }
    },
    {
      "if": {
        "properties": {
          "origin": {
            "const": "measured"
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        }
      },
      "then": {
        "properties": {
          "source_ids": {
            "minItems": 1
          }
        }
      }
    }
  ]
}

{
  "imgt": {
    "title": "IMGT 框架区与 CDR 定义",
    "notes": "编号参照；必须保留插入位置。"
  },
  "airr": {
    "title": "AIRR 数据标准 2.0",
    "notes": "具有版本标识的数据规范；本仓库的观测记录不是 AIRR 导出。"
  },
  "oas": {
    "title": "OAS：已清理、注释和翻译的配对与未配对抗体序列库",
    "notes": "在线发表于 2021 年，刊载于 2022 年卷期；论文描述的是当时的数据库快照。"
  },
  "sabdab2": {
    "title": "SAbDab2：面向机器学习的抗体结构数据库",
    "notes": "已核查官方资源；关联的 2026 年预印本未完成全文审阅，DOI：10.64898/2026.06.16.732554。"
  },
  "therasabdab": {
    "title": "Thera-SAbDab：治疗性抗体结构数据库",
    "notes": "序列与临床状态可能采用不同的更新日期，应分别核对。"
  },
  "jain2017": {
    "title": "临床阶段抗体的生物物理性质",
    "notes": "核查了部分原文章节；参考队列受当时的候选选择影响。"
  },
  "tap2019": {
    "title": "TAP：治疗性抗体的五项计算可开发性指引",
    "notes": "指标依据参照分布建立，不是通用成功标准。"
  },
  "tnp2026": {
    "title": "TNP：通过纳米抗体可开发性表征改进设计",
    "notes": "正式记录版本日期为 2026-03-05；解释结果时须保留构建体背景。"
  },
  "biophi": {
    "title": "BioPhi：抗体设计、人源化与人源性评价平台",
    "notes": "人源性指标不能当作临床免疫反应概率。"
  },
  "af3": {
    "title": "AlphaFold 3：生物分子相互作用的结构预测",
    "notes": "论文页列有 2024 年 11 月补充说明；软件与权重使用条款须另行核查。结构预测不等于亲和力测量。"
  },
  "antifold": {
    "title": "AntiFold：利用逆折叠改进抗体结构条件设计",
    "notes": "DOI：10.1093/bioadv/vbae202；未复现完整补充基准。"
  },
  "hie2023": {
    "title": "利用通用蛋白语言模型高效优化人抗体",
    "notes": "2023 年在线、2024 年卷期；所查方法区分 IgG 表观结合与 Fab 亲和力。"
  },
  "rfantibody": {
    "title": "使用 RFdiffusion 从头设计抗体并开展原子层面结构验证",
    "notes": "2025 年在线、2026 年卷期；选定成功结构不能证明对所有靶标均有相同成功率。"
  },
  "rfantibody_code": {
    "title": "RFantibody 官方代码仓库",
    "notes": "核查了 README，未安装或运行代码；使用前应锁定提交与权重版本。"
  },
  "iggm2025": {
    "title": "IgGM：功能性抗体与纳米抗体生成模型",
    "notes": "ICLR 2025 会议论文；详细方法及补充结果仍需进一步审阅。"
  },
  "germinal": {
    "title": "Germinal：高效生成靶向指定表位的抗体",
    "notes": "正文受订阅限制；核查了公开摘要、数据与代码入口，以及 7 月作者署名和联系信息更正。"
  },
  "aintibody2026": {
    "title": "AIntibody：以实验亲和力与可开发性为依据的盲法前瞻基准",
    "notes": "结论限于挑战任务；未在本地重新分析补充数据。"
  },
  "flab2": {
    "title": "FLAb2：抗体适应度与可开发性预测基准",
    "notes": "仅核查预印本 v1，未确定后续正式发表状态；数据与代码入口为 Graylab/FLAb。"
  },
  "ginkgo2026": {
    "title": "Ginkgo 抗体可开发性竞赛：模型表现与数据标准化问题",
    "notes": "关联更正尚待核查；在弄清影响范围前，不引用精确榜单结论。"
  },
  "ginkgo_correction": {
    "title": "Ginkgo AbDev 论文的关联更正通知",
    "notes": "检索识别了该通知，但全文访问失败；更正的具体范围未知。"
  },
  "tfolddesign": {
    "title": "通过结构驱动流程设计表位特异性抗体",
    "notes": "补充收录的原始研究，未复现，也未与其他方法进行同条件比较。"
  },
  "latentx2": {
    "title": "Latent-X2：设计抗体的类药性质与人供者免疫反应评估",
    "notes": "预印本中作者报告的特定供者面板结果；未建立临床结局证据或独立复现。"
  },
  "imgt_domains": {
    "title": "IMGT 结构域定义",
    "notes": "用于结构域命名，以及不同类别的恒定域组成。"
  },
  "imgt_fold": {
    "title": "IMGT 免疫球蛋白的结构组织",
    "notes": "用于基础结构定义；本仓库插图是原创示意图。"
  },
  "imgt_fragments": {
    "title": "IMGT 免疫球蛋白与片段定义",
    "notes": "用于片段和域的定义，不用于比较各种形式的优劣。"
  },
  "imgt_classes": {
    "title": "IMGT 抗体与免疫球蛋白概览",
    "notes": "仅采用类别和常见组装定义，不采用其历史性国际非专利名称命名指引。"
  },
  "imgt_isotypes": {
    "title": "IMGT 人与小鼠免疫球蛋白类别和亚类",
    "notes": "用于类别、亚类与二硫键比较；部分原始条目带有不确定性注释。"
  },
  "north2011": {
    "title": "抗体 CDR 环构象的新聚类",
    "notes": "2010 年在线、2011 年卷期；这是历史结构聚类研究，不是当前全部环构象的清单。"
  },
  "fcglycan2016": {
    "title": "通过多层次糖工程获得确定 Fc 糖型的 IgG",
    "notes": "另查阅 PubMed 27872474 摘要；直接访问 PMC 受阻，本仓库未进行糖工程实验。"
  },
  "fcrn2014": {
    "title": "FcRn 介导回收机制的结构基础",
    "notes": "研究包含工程化人 Fc，不能直接预测任意抗体的血清半衰期。"
  },
  "hamers1993": {
    "title": "天然存在的无轻链抗体",
    "notes": "骆驼科重链抗体的原始发现；不意味着任何孤立 VH 都是 VHH。"
  },
  "iga2020": {
    "title": "分泌型与二聚体 IgA 的结构",
    "notes": "原始冷冻电镜研究使用小鼠 SIgA/dIgA，保留物种与构建体范围。"
  },
  "igm2020": {
    "title": "IgM 的结构认识",
    "notes": "研究对象为人 IgM Fc、J 链与 pIgR 胞外域，不是完整的抗原结合态 IgM。"
  },
  "bruhns2009": {
    "title": "人 Fcγ 受体及其多态变体对 IgG 亚类的特异性与亲和力",
    "notes": "2008 年在线、2009 年卷期；受体结合差异不能直接推广为各种细胞效应的排序。"
  },
  "igg4exchange2007": {
    "title": "人 IgG4 的动态 Fab 臂交换与抗炎活性",
    "notes": "支持 Fab 臂交换现象；工程化 IgG4 仍须按具体构建体评价。"
  },
  "kohler1975": {
    "title": "持续培养产生预定特异性抗体的融合细胞",
    "notes": "基础杂交瘤研究；生产方式和克隆组成是不同分类维度。"
  },
  "kih1996": {
    "title": "通过 CH3 的 knobs-into-holes 工程促进重链异二聚",
    "notes": "解决重链组装的一种方法，不能独立解决全部多特异分子的配对问题。"
  }
}